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The Arab Rediscovery of Europe: A Study in Cultural Encounters

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Napoleons invasion of Egypt in 1798 exposed the Arab provinces of the Ottoman Empire to a Europe vastly different from the one known to the Arabs of the Middle Ages. At the start of the nineteenth century, Arabs were unprepared for the social, economic and political progress made in Europe.

By 1870, however, their vague notions had evolved into a fairly sophisticated
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